STEMTogether

Different Structural Formulas with Examples This section introduces the four basic types of structural formulas used in organic chemistry:       👉Lewis Structure      👉Hybrid Structure      👉Condensed Structure      👉Line Drawing These are presented in order of visual complexity -- starting from the most detailed to the most simplified.  NOTE: This guide focuses on HOW each structure looks, rather than the rules for drawing them. The goal is to help you recognize and distinguish each from a glance. 1) Most DETAILED: Lewis structure     L ewis structure shows ALL atoms and bonds (lines), including lone pairs and hydrogen bonds.     NOTE : Lewis structures  DO NOT need to always show lone pairs. If omitted, it's assumed the atom is neutral unless a formal charge (+ or -) is indicated. 2) Hybrid structure     A hybrid structure shows all atoms, and all bonds (lines) between atoms-...

Quick Guide on Functional Groups The RED areas in the images   highlight the functional group.    WHY do we need to know functional groups?          F unctional groups largely determine a molecule's chemical and physical properties. In other words, they help us predict how molecules behave.    👉   Let's use a practical example:     You boil the same amount of alcohol and water in separate pots, which one would boil away faster?     Answer: Alcohol. Why? Alcohols typically have lower boiling points.      👉 Why is this useful?   Understanding functional group behaviors allows scientists to manipulate molecules based on how they behave.      👉  NOW, let's extend the practical example:     Both water and alcohol are added to the same pot, and we want to separate both of the liquids from each other-- what is the solution?       Answer: U...

Introduction to HALOALKANES This section simplifies haloalkanes in two parts:     1)  What are haloalkanes? 👉 Haloalkanes are an organic molecule made by combining  halogens and alkanes .          🔎 Halogen : A halogen is a reactive group of elements that include: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).           🔎 Alkane : An alkane is an organic molecule made only of carbon and hydrogen atoms , where all atoms are connected by single bonds  (one pair of shared electrons per bond).               ✵ Alkanes look like this: ❗NOW, combine halogens and alkanes  to create a haloalkane.                 ✵Haloalkanes look like this:     2)  How are haloalkanes created? 👉  Here's a simplified, personified version:            ...

For those struggling to understand discrete probability distributions, this section will summarize the definition, clarify difficult jargon, introduce useful formulas, and find important parameters. Warning: This is "simplified" explanation compared to teachers and statistician-- this is everything believed to be relevant or important. This information will be refined later, but this is the information that helped me pass statistics with an A. If you want a more summarized, less detailed version: (Link coming soon).  What is a Discrete Probability Distribution? A d iscrete probability distribution is  a spread of theoretical outcomes where each countable outcome (called a random variable) is assigned a specific probability.      It sounds confusing because it is confusing -- but, let's break it down by term:          🔎  Discrete : The outcome is countable numbers-- no fractions or decimals.           ...

In statistics, there are a variety of distributions that are used under different circumstances. The goal of ALL distributions is to understand the population, usually by analyzing samples.     In this section, we will break down probability distributions-- both theoretical and observational, discuss the two different types of data probabilities, and explore the subtle differences in specific distributions.      Probability Distributions:         Let's break it down into two sections:          🔎  Distribution : A data spread of all observed values (real-world data).          🔎  Probability : The theoretical likelihood of an outcome.               👉  So, a probability distribution is the spread of all possible outcomes, each with its theoretical probability of occurring. No real-world data has been used.      ...

  There are three important concepts to understand: probabilities, proportions, and distributions.                 While these three topics are not conceptually complex to understand, they are easy to confuse for each other. In this section, differences will be noted and notation will be revised.              ** Need formulas?  Formulas will be added to their own dedicated sections-- link coming soon.     DEFINITIONS:        🔎  Probability : The theoretical likeliness of an outcome. No data is given or collected -- this is based on logic.           Example : A die has six sides, assuming the die is evenly fair, the chances of rolling any face (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6) is 1/6 (0.167 or 16.7%).           🔎  Proportion : The frequency of an observed outcome. Data is collected, and considered cate...